Comparison of Pesticide Residue Levels in Tomatoes from Open Fields, Greenhouses, Markets and Consumers in Kirinyaga County, Kenya
European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety,
Page 1-10
DOI:
10.9734/ejnfs/2022/v14i630504
Abstract
The study was carried out to determine and compare pesticide residue levels in tomatoes from Mwea Irrigation Scheme. Thirty five tomato samples of Rambo variety randomly collected from open fields, greenhouses, markets and consumers were analyzed using QuEChERS method. Results showed that pesticide residue leve;s from greenhouse tomatoes was higher compared to open fields, markets and consumers. Alpha-cypermethrin level in greenhouse tomatoes (0.0871±0.0087mg/kg) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than from consumers (0.0218±0.0061mg/kg) while difenoconazole from greenhouse tomatoes (0.2597±0.0522 mg/kg) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than from the open field (0.0295±0.0014 mg/kg). Carbendazim level in greenhouse (1.2341±0.1667 mg/kg) tomatoes was significantly (p<0.001) higher than from open fields (0.0596±0.0178 mg/kg), markets (0.1160±0.0490 mg/kg) and consumers (0.0494±0.0155 mg/kg). Imidacloprid in greenhouse tomatoes (0.1446±0.0086 mg/kg) was significantly (p<0.001) higher than from the markets (0.0236±0.0019 mg/kg) and consumers (0.0170±0.0017 mg/kg). High pesticide residue levels in tomatoes are a health concern for consumers. Enforcing the food safety laws, enhancing farmer training on safe use of pesticides and creating awareness on pesticide risks would promote production of uncontaminated crops consumed locally.
Keywords:
- Tomato
- pesticide
- residue level
- open field
- greenhouse
- market
- consumer
How to Cite
Violet, M. N., Margaret, K. N., Deborah, A. A., & Peterson, W. N. (2022). Comparison of Pesticide Residue Levels in Tomatoes from Open Fields, Greenhouses, Markets and Consumers in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 14(6), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2022/v14i630504
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Proudfoot AT. Poisoning due to Pyrethrins. Toxicol Rev. 24;2005:107-113. Available:https://doi.org/10.2165/00139709-200524020-00004
Wang X, Ni H, Xua W, Wu B, Xie T, Zhang C, et al. Difenoconazole induces oxidative DNA damage and mitochondria mediated apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Chemosphere. 283;2021:131160.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131160
Kunyanga C, Amimo J, Kingori LN, Chemining’wa G. Consumer risk exposure to chemical and microbial hazards through consumption of fruits and vegetables in Kenya. Food Sci Qual Manage. 2018; 78.
ISSN 2225-0557 (Online).
Philippe V, Neveen A, Marwa A, Basel AAl-Y. Occurrence of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables for the Eastern Mediterranean Region and potential impact on public health, Food Control. 2021;119: 107457. I
SSN 0956-7135.Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107457
Osman KA, Al-Humaid AI, Al-Redhaiman KN, El-Mergawi RA, Safety methods for chlorpyrifos removal from date fruits and its relationship with sugars, phenolics and antioxidant capacity of fruits. J Food Sci Technol, 2014;51:1762-1772.
Kalefa AA, Zanariah CW, Mohd Sukri H. Removal of Dimethoate, Carbendazim and Chlorpyrifos Residues from Date Fruits and Evaluation of the Treatments Effect on The Nutrition Value. Asian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences. 2021;2(2):85-102.
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Lozowicka B, Abzeitova E, Sagitov A, Kaczynski P, Toleubayev K, Li A. Studies of pesticide residues in tomatoes and cucumbers from Kazakhstan and the associated health risks. Environ Monit Assess. 20151;87:609.
Omwenga I, Kanja L, Zomer P, Louisse J, Ivonne MCM. Rietjens and Mol H. Organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues and accompanying risks in commonly consumed vegetables in Kenya, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B. 2021;14(1):48-58. DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2020.1861661
Nyamwamu RO. Implications of human-wildlife conflict on food security among small holder agropastoralists: A case of smallholder maize (Zea mays) farmers in Laikipia County, Kenya. World Journal of Agricultural Research. 2016;4(2):43-48.
Coolong T and Boyhan GE. Commercial Tomato Production Handbook. UGA Cooperative Extension Bulletin 1312. Georgia; 2017.
Ochilo W, Nyamasyo G, Kilalo D, Otieno W, Otipa M, Chegea F, et al. Characteristics and production constraints of smallholder tomato production in Kenya. Scientific African. 2019;2:1-10.
Geoffrey SK, Hillary NK, Antony KM, Mariam M, Mary MC. Challenges and strategies to improve tomato competitiveness along the tomato value chain in Kenya. International Journal of Business and Management. 2014;9:205-212.
Mwangi MW, Kimenju JW, Narla RD, Kariuki GM, Muiru MW. Tomato management practices and diseases occurrence in Mwea West Sub County. Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2015;5(20):119-124.
Mitra S, Yunus M. Determinants of tomato farmers’ efficiency in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh: Data Envelopment Analysis approach. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University. 2018; 16(1):93-97.
Chepng’etich E, Nyamwaro SO, Bett EK, Kizito K. Factors that influence technical efficiency of sorghum production: A case of small holder sorghum producers in Lower Eastern Kenya. Advances in Agriculture. 2015;11.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/861919
Tabe OMP, Molua EL. Technical efficiency of smallholder tomato production in semi-urban farms in Cameroon: A stochastic frontier production approach. Journal of Management and Sustainability. 2017;7(4): 27. Available://doi/10.5539/jms.v7n4p27
Simwaka K, Ferrer S, Harris G. Analysis of factors affecting technical efficiency of smallholder farmers: Comparing time-varying and time-invariant inefficiency models. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 2013;8(29):3983-3993.
Kumar N, Bharat D, Amaresh N, Shivakumar H, Shivakumar R, Arshad P, et al. Science-based horticultural interventions for improving vegetable productivity in the state of Karnataka, India. Cogent Food and Agriculture. 2018; 4(1):1461731. DOI: 10.1080/23311932.2018.1461731
Mbaka JN, Gitonga JK, Gathambiri CW, Mwangi BG, Githuka P, Mwangi M. Identification of Knowledge and Technology gaps in high tunnel ('greenhouse') tomato production in Kirinyaga and Embu Counties. KARI, MoA, KENFAP, KU. 2nd National Science, Technology and Innovation week Conference, K.I.C.C., Nairobi; 13th -17th May 2013.
Momanyi VN, Keraka M, Abong’o DA, Warutere P. Farmers’ compliance to pesticide use standards in Mwea irrigation scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya. IJIRAS. 2019;6(10):67-73. KNBS. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 2009 Population Census.
Sahoo SK, Battu RS, Singh B. Development and validation of quenchers method for estimation of propamocarb residues in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) and Soil. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2011;2:26-31.
Mocák J, Janiga I and Rábarová E. Evaluation of IUPAC Limit of Detection and Iso Minimum Detectable Value - Electrochemical Determination of Lead. Nova Biotechnologica. 2009;9-1:91-100. Available:http://www.cma4ch.org/chemo
Bojacá CR, Arias LA, Ahumada DA, Héctor Albeiro Casilimas HA, Schrevens E. Evaluation of pesticide residues in open field and greenhouse tomatoes from Colombia. Food Control. 2013;30(2):400-403. Available:www.elsevier.com/locate/foodcont
Allen G, Halsall CJ, Ukpebor J, Paul DN, Ridall G, Wargent JJ. Increased occurrence of pesticide residues on crops grown in protected environments compared to crops grown in open field conditions. Chemosphere. 2015;119:1428-1435. Available:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
Miah JS, Hoque A, Paul A, Rahman A. Unsafe Use of Pesticide and Its Impact on Health of Farmers: A Case Study in Burichong Upazila, Bangladesh. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. 2014; 8(1):57-67.
Okonya JS, Kroschel J. A Cross-Sectional Study of Pesticide Use and Knowledge of Smallholder Potato Farmers in Uganda. BioMed Research International. 2015;9. Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/759049
Jallow MFA, Awadh DG, Albaho MS, Devi VY, Thomas BM. Pesticide Knowledge and Safety Practices among Farm Workers in Kuwait: Results of a Survey. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2017;14:340. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040340
Kipkemoi E, Andayi AW, Njagi CE, Ptoton B. Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Tomatoes and French Beans from Murang’a and Kiambu Counties, Kenya. EJNFS. 2020;12(11):121-132. Article no. EJNFS.63596.
Mengliang Y, Jiyun N, Zhixia L, Yang C, Lijing Z, Guofeng X, Zhen Y. Health risks of consuming apples with carbendazim, imidacloprid, and thiophanate-methyl in the Chinese population: Risk assessment based on a nonparametric probabilistic evaluation model. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2016;22(4):1106-1121.
Momanyi VN, Keraka M, Abong’o DA, Warutere P. Pesticide Residues on Tomatoes Grown and Consumed in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya. AJAHR. 2021;8(2):1-11. Article no. AJAHR.67324.
Acero J. Carbendazim Toxicity, side effects, diseases and environmental impacts. Pesticide News Article; December 2017. Available:http://www.pesticides.news/author/janineacero
Singh S, Singh N, Kumar V, Datta S, Wani AB, Singh D, Singh K, Singh J. Toxicity, monitoring and biodegradation of the fungicide carbendazim. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2016;14:317-329.
Palkhade R, Yadav S, Mishra S, Muhamed J. Acute oral toxicity of pesticide combination (acephate 50% and imidacloprid 1.8% as active ingredients) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Vetarinary World. 2018;11(9):1291-1297
Proudfoot AT. Poisoning due to Pyrethrins. Toxicol Rev. 24;2005:107-113. Available:https://doi.org/10.2165/00139709-200524020-00004
Wang X, Ni H, Xua W, Wu B, Xie T, Zhang C, et al. Difenoconazole induces oxidative DNA damage and mitochondria mediated apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Chemosphere. 283;2021:131160.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131160
Kunyanga C, Amimo J, Kingori LN, Chemining’wa G. Consumer risk exposure to chemical and microbial hazards through consumption of fruits and vegetables in Kenya. Food Sci Qual Manage. 2018; 78.
ISSN 2225-0557 (Online).
Philippe V, Neveen A, Marwa A, Basel AAl-Y. Occurrence of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables for the Eastern Mediterranean Region and potential impact on public health, Food Control. 2021;119: 107457. I
SSN 0956-7135.Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107457
Osman KA, Al-Humaid AI, Al-Redhaiman KN, El-Mergawi RA, Safety methods for chlorpyrifos removal from date fruits and its relationship with sugars, phenolics and antioxidant capacity of fruits. J Food Sci Technol, 2014;51:1762-1772.
Kalefa AA, Zanariah CW, Mohd Sukri H. Removal of Dimethoate, Carbendazim and Chlorpyrifos Residues from Date Fruits and Evaluation of the Treatments Effect on The Nutrition Value. Asian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences. 2021;2(2):85-102.
Suresh A, Jha GK, Raghav S, Supriya P, Lama A, Punera B, et al. Food Safety Concerns of Consumers: A Case Study of Pesticide Residues on Vegetables in Delhi. Agricultural Economics Research Review. 2015;28:229-236.
Lozowicka B, Abzeitova E, Sagitov A, Kaczynski P, Toleubayev K, Li A. Studies of pesticide residues in tomatoes and cucumbers from Kazakhstan and the associated health risks. Environ Monit Assess. 20151;87:609.
Omwenga I, Kanja L, Zomer P, Louisse J, Ivonne MCM. Rietjens and Mol H. Organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues and accompanying risks in commonly consumed vegetables in Kenya, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B. 2021;14(1):48-58. DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2020.1861661
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