Viral Hepatitis Prevalence among Tribal and Non-Tribal Hospitalised Patients in Northeast India with a Note on its Prevalence before and During COVID-19
Harpreet Kaur *
Division of Communicable Diseases (CD), Indian Council of Medical Research Hqrs., New Delhi – 110029, India.
Biswajyoti Borkakoty
Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Dibrugarh -786001, Assam, India.
Kyrshanlang G Lynrah
North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), India.
Tapan Majumdar
Agartala Govt. Medical College (AGMC), Agartlala, Tripura, India.
Khumukcham Lokeshwar Singh
Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences &Hospital (JNIMS), Porompat, Imphal East - 795005, Manipur, India.
Basumoti Apum
SG, General Hospital (GH), Pasighat, East Siang, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
Sangit Dutta
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital (GMCH), Guwahati- 781032, Assam, India.
Lalrothuama
Civil Hospital, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.
Temsu
District Hospital Dimapur, Nagaland, India.
Yogesh Verma
Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Gangtok, Sikkim, India.
Subhash Medhi
GUIST, Gauhati University (GU), Guwahati -781014, Assam, India.
Provash Chandra Sadhukhan
ICMR’s Virus Unit/NICED, ID & BG Hospital Campus, 1st Floor, GB4, 57, Dr. S. C Banerjee Road, Deliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India.
Vijay Kumar Karra
Division of Communicable Diseases (CD), Indian Council of Medical Research Hqrs., New Delhi – 110029, India.
Vineet Kumar Kamal
National Iinstitute of Epidemiology (NIE), R 127, TNHB colony, II Main road, Ayapakkam Chennai– 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
Sriram Kannan
Division of Communicable Diseases (CD), Indian Council of Medical Research Hqrs., New Delhi – 110029, India.
Amit Solanki
Division of Communicable Diseases (CD), Indian Council of Medical Research Hqrs., New Delhi – 110029, India.
Mamta Singh
Division of Communicable Diseases (CD), Indian Council of Medical Research Hqrs., New Delhi – 110029, India.
Anjan Jyoti Talukdar
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital (GMCH), Guwahati- 781032, Assam, India.
Clarissa Jane Lyngdoh
North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), India.
Phukan AC
North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), India.
Nalini Sharma
North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), India.
Anup Kumar Das
Assam Medical College & Hospital (AMCH), Dibrugarh-786002, Assam, India.
Bhaskar Jyoti Saikia
Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Dibrugarh -786001, Assam, India.
Kanagasabai Kaliaperumal
National Iinstitute of Epidemiology (NIE), R 127, TNHB colony, II Main road, Ayapakkam Chennai– 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
Rajarshi Gupta
ICMR’s Virus Unit/NICED, ID & BG Hospital Campus, 1st Floor, GB4, 57, Dr. S. C Banerjee Road, Deliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India.
Lokhendra Singh
Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences &Hospital (JNIMS), Porompat, Imphal East - 795005, Manipur, India.
Ajanta Sharma
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital (GMCH), Guwahati- 781032, Assam, India.
Tanma Saikia Das
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital (GMCH), Guwahati- 781032, Assam, India.
Tanwir Alam
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital (GMCH), Guwahati- 781032, Assam, India.
Kharibam Paikhomba Singh
Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences &Hospital (JNIMS), Porompat, Imphal East - 795005, Manipur, India.
Pradip Bhaumick
Agartala Govt. Medical College (AGMC), Agartlala, Tripura, India.
Jahar Lalbaidya
Agartala Govt. Medical College (AGMC), Agartlala, Tripura, India.
Star Pala
North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), India.
MD Ghaznavi Idris
GUIST, Gauhati University (GU), Guwahati -781014, Assam, India.
Lalchhandama C
Civil Hospital, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.
Lalawmpuia
Civil Hospital, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.
Temsusashi
District Hospital Dimapur, Nagaland, India.
Amlan Gupta
Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Gangtok, Sikkim, India.
Chhophellamtha S
Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Gangtok, Sikkim, India.
Dipankar Biswas
Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Dibrugarh -786001, Assam, India.
Tali T
SG, General Hospital (GH), Pasighat, East Siang, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
Tatak Obi
SG, General Hospital (GH), Pasighat, East Siang, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
Moumita Majumdar
ICMR’s Virus Unit/NICED, ID & BG Hospital Campus, 1st Floor, GB4, 57, Dr. S. C Banerjee Road, Deliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India.
Wasifa Parween
Assam Medical College & Hospital (AMCH), Dibrugarh-786002, Assam, India.
Namita Deb
Agartala Govt. Medical College (AGMC), Agartlala, Tripura, India.
Neelanjana Sarmah
Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Dibrugarh -786001, Assam, India.
Simanta Kalita
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital (GMCH), Guwahati- 781032, Assam, India.
Partha Pratim Das
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital (GMCH), Guwahati- 781032, Assam, India.
Romi Khangembam
Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences &Hospital (JNIMS), Porompat, Imphal East - 795005, Manipur, India.
Asang Jamir
District Hospital Dimapur, Nagaland, India.
Lalmuansangi C
Civil Hospital, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.
Roza Larilang Marbaniang
Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences &Hospital (JNIMS), Porompat, Imphal East - 795005, Manipur, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: India is rich in tribal population including north-east India. This research of ours is based on viral hepatitis diagnosis (HBV, HCV, HDV. HAV. HEV) and prevalence in the eight north eastern states of India (namely Assam, Arunachal, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Meghalaya, Manipur, and Mizoram) that are in locations bordering other countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal. The article intercompares the viral hepatitis prevalence pattern in tribal and non-tribal patients in the north eastern states of India as well as the overall prevalence pre-COVID-19 and during the COVID-19.
Methodology: This cross-sectional study data on prevalence of viral hepatitis conducted in the 8 north eastern states of India between 2018-2022 has data. two years before the onset of COVID-19 (2018-2019) and 2 years during the COVID-19 (2020-2022). This manuscript presents retrospective comparison on viral hepatitis prevalence between the recruited viral hepatitis patients of tribal and non-tribal origin. This work also compares viral hepatitis prevalence pre-COVID19 and during COVID-19 with no planned work done on COVID-19 diagnostics.
Results: In this study, it was observed that younger adult tribal viral hepatitis patients in northeast India had higher prevalence of viral hepatitis than non-tribal patents of the same age group whereas older adult non-tribal patients had higher prevalence of viral hepatitis than tribal patients of the same age group. Certain tribes like Lushai of Mizoram had higher prevalence of HDV, HCV, HEV. Hepatitis B vaccination status was better in non-tribals than tribals in the recruited patients. Further in certain states like Manipur and Tripura exhibited significant difference in the diagnostic marker prevalence in hepatocellular carcinoma patients and liver cirrhosis patients before COVID and during COVID.
Conclusion: There were differences in the prevalence and risk factors of viral hepatitis between tribal and non-tribal patients of viral hepatitis in northeast India. Further COVID-19 did have influence on the viral hepatitis prevalence in northeast India.
Keywords: COVID19, hepatitis, HBV, HCV, HAV, HEV, tribal, non-tribal, Northeast India